The Case Of Marbury V. Madison - 854 Words

For over two centuries, the most important law document in America is the Constitution. More importantly, among the three branches, the judicial branch has one of the most important jobs in the government: to check and review the laws established by the executive branch and legislative branch. Moreover, the judicial branch’s job is to interpret and apply the law in the government, but it is also the only branch with the power of Judicial Review, which the judicial branch decide whether a law or action is consistent with fundamental laws such as the Constitution. This paper will be exploring the history behind the paramount case of Marbury v. Madison, 1803 and its decision that established the power of Judicial Review, the importance and relevancy of Judicial Review in modern government through the case of Ladue v. Gilleo, 1994, and lastly the criticisms of the powers and duties behind Judicial Review. The intentions behind the judicial review sprouted from the disagreements be tween John Adam’s party, later associated as the Federalist Party, and Thomas Jefferson’s party, the Democratic-Republican. Upon losing his re-election race, John Adams directed commissions to fill the federal office with Federalists, in the hopes to hinder Thomas Jefferson’s presidency. These commissions were sent up until Adam’s last day in office. Many of these appointees were argued to have questionable legitimacy, as many appointments were delivered at the stroke of midnight—these were theShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Marbury V. Madison1635 Words   |  7 PagesThe Constitution was founded in order to limit the power of the government and protect the rights American citizens. This proved true in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803), when the Supreme Court of the United States established its power of judicial review when it declared that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional according to Article III of the Constitution. Considering this, the Supreme Court’s decision to uphold an interpretation of the Constitution that aligns withRead MoreThe Case Of Marbury V. Madison1601 Words   |  7 PagesIn the year 1803 the case of Marbury v. Madison was brought before the Supreme Court in order to address the issue of William Marbury’s appointment as federal circuit judge. This created a unique and complex challenge for the Supreme Court of the time because they were operating under no legal precedent, which meant that they had no prior cases to reference to reach a ruling. The issue came to a head after the Judiciary Act of 1801 allowed for President John Adams to appoint sixteen new circuit judgesRead MoreThe Case Marbury V. Madison1442 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the major results of the case Marbury v. Madison was this term called judicial review. Judicial review, today, is a task that the Judiciary Branch of the government performs on legislative acts that are passed to determine whether or not the acts are considered Constitutional. One of the biggest changes made not too long ago by the Judges in the Judiciary Branch, using judicial review, was the ruling that restricting same-sex marriage is considered unConstitutional and they made same-sex marriageRead MoreThe Case Of Marbury V. Madison Essay2171 Words   |  9 Pagessay what the constitution is, Congress has the power to grant or remove jurisdiction from any appellate case that is not considered original jurisdiction. The power the Supreme Court has today stems from the case of Marbury v. Madison: a hearing commonly known for the establishment of judicial review(PBS). Through this case the court under Chief Justice Marshall came to three conclusions: Marbury has the right to be commissioned as a Justice of the Peace, the court should be able to provide a writRead MoreMarbury V. Madison Case3462 Words   |  14 PagesMarbury v. Madison Marbury v. Madison was the case that was considered a landmark concerning judicial review in regards to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. What had taken place was that the President at the time had appointed a group of men to the positions for justices of the peace and for the District of Columbia, circuit judges, which included in the group, William Marbury. Later they were subsequently approved by the senate. After approval, President Adams signed the commissionsRead MoreThe Case Of Marbury V. Madison Essay2180 Words   |  9 Pagesor remove jurisdiction from any appellate matter that is not considered original jurisdiction. The power the Supreme Court has today stems from the case of Marbury v. Madison: a hearing commonly known for the establishment of judicial review (McBride). Through this case, the court under Chief Justice Marshall came to three conclusions: Marbury has the right to be commissioned as a Justice of the Peace, the court is able to provide a writ of mandamus under the Judiciary act of 1789, and the factRead MoreThe Case Of Marbury V. Madison940 Words   |  4 PagesJurisdiction over any cases involving this offense†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as to punishing individuals to three years in prison for the use, transport and/or to consume butter beer. To this, we refer to our Constitution that establishes matters that have original jurisdiction, Art. III S. 2 â€Å"The Judicial Power shall extend to all cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority†¦ In all other Cases before mentioned , theRead MoreThe Case Marbury V. Madison857 Words   |  4 PagesIn the early years of the Republic, states came often in front of the Supreme Court to resolve disputes of issue of the supremacy of the National Government. In 1803 the case Marbury v. Madison held that Congress cannot pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution, and it is the role of the Judicial System to interpret what the Constitution permits. The discrepancies between the Federal Government and the States occurred often, as the States were not happy to give up their power to the FederalRead MoreThe Case Of Marbury V. Madison1753 Words   |  8 Pagesthe â€Å"power to interpret the law, determine the constitutionality of the law, and apply it to individual cases (The White House)†. However, since the ratification of the constitution, much like the other two branches of government, the judicial branch has also experienced an expanded delegation of authority and power. This notion is evidenced in the 1803 decision on the case of Marbury v. Madison where the Supreme Court asserted its power of judicial review by †blocking last-minute appointments byRead MoreEssay on The Case of Marbury v. Madison973 Words   |  4 Pages The case of Marbury v. Madison centers on a case brought before the Supreme Court by William Marbury. Shortly after Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams in the election of 1800, Congress increased the number of circuit courts. Adams sought to fill these new vacancies with people who had Federalist backgrounds. To accomplish this, he used the powers granted under the Organic Act to issue appointments to 42 justices of the peace and 16 circuit court justices for the District of Columbia. Adams

Communicable Disease Epidemiology Essay - 1091 Words

Epidemiology: Chickenpox (Varicella) Sheree Criner, RN Grand Canyon University NRS 427 V December 21, 2014 Epidemiology: Chickenpox (Varicella) As stated by to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (CDC, 2013); chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV causes a primary infection that is characterized by a rash with macules, papules, and then vesicles. Other symptoms include fever, lethargy, and pruritus. VZV then remains in the body on the sensory nerve ganglia and can reactivate as at a future time as shingles (Herpes Zoster). Chickenpox is spread through airborne, droplet, and contact with infected fluids. Chickenpox is treated by treating the symptoms, and preventing†¦show more content†¦Prevention is the best defense against this agent, so the most effective way to break the chain of infection is prevention through vaccination. Determinants of Health The determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and the person’s individual characteristics and behaviors (WHO, n.d.). Chickenpox can have serious implications, especially in babies, adults, and people with compromised immune systems. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and pregnancy, are biological health status disparities that contribute to developing chickenpox and increase the risk for complication. Complications such as dehydration, pneumonia, bleeding problems, encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, bacterial infections of the skin, and sepsis can occur. Access to healthcare for treatment of preventative vaccination is impacted by socioeconomic status. The ability to pay for or have transportation to access healthcare can make persons vulnerable to disease. Furthermore, individual health behaviors contribute to patient adherence to treatment or preventive vaccination. Some patients have fears, or concerns about the safety of vaccination, or have cultural or spiritual beliefs that don’t allow vaccination. All determinants of health contribute to the development of this disease by increasing vulnerability to transmission of the disease.Show MoreRelatedEpidemiology Of The Communicable Disease1325 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems (WHO, 2015)†. â€Å"Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations: surveillance and descriptive studies can be used to study distribution; analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2015)†.This paper discusses about epidemiology of HIV infection, including factorsRead MoreEssay on Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases: HIV1281 Words   |  6 PagesEpidemiology Communicable Diseases HIV or the Human Deficiency virus is like other viruses including the flu, but the one thing that makes this virus so different than any other is that the body is unable to clear this one out completely. Once someone is infected, there is no cure. Over time, HIV can also hide or mask itself in the bodys cells. The cells within a persons body that fight off infection are called CD4 cells or T cells. HIV attacks these cells and copies or replicates itself insideRead MoreEpidemiology And Communicable Diseases : Human Immunodeficiency Virus1714 Words   |  7 PagesEpidemiology and Communicable Diseases: Human Immunodeficiency Virus With the prevalence and spread of communicable diseases on the rise, epidemiologists are working very diligently to find the agent, host, environment, and how it is spread with every new discovery. According to MedicinePlus (2016), â€Å"infectious diseases kill more people worldwide than any other single cause†. The human immunodeficiency virus, also known as HIV has been one of the largest epidemics in history. â€Å"HIV continues to beRead MoreIn a Written Paper of 1,200-1,500 Words, Apply the Concepts of Epidemiology and Nursing Research to a Communicable Disease.1408 Words   |  6 PagesInfluenza Introduction Influenza is among the most prevalent infectious airborne viral diseases that affect the respiratory system. According to the World Health Organization (2016), the infection majorly affects the throat, nose, and the bronchi, and on rare occasions, it may affect the lungs. Also commonly known as the flu, influenza infection is characterized by sneezing, itchy and running nose as well as throat inflammation. The initial signs and symptoms include fever with temperatures higherRead MoreEssay Epidemiological surveillance608 Words   |  3 Pagesgathering, analyzing, and interpreting data about diseases, and disseminating conclusions of the analyses to relevant organizations. As such, it is a key element in epidemiology. This term may be used in two ways. In broader sense, surveillance has been equated with the routine health information system which gives idea about the total health situation. In narrower sense, it is used to refer to specific information system pertaining to specific d isease or any other health related event. The purposeRead MoreEpidemiology.Research. Tuberculosis1560 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Tuberculosis _ Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Concepts in Community Public Health NRS427V November14, 2013 Tuberculosis _Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Communicable diseases occurs in every country regardless of urban, rural, or with socio economical diversities. In order to help in prevention and control of communicable diseases, locally, nationally and globally, nurses who are working with the public health system , mustRead MoreHeppatits B: an Epidemic1566 Words   |  7 PagesOrganization defines epidemiology as â€Å"the study of the distribution and determinants of health- related states or events, and the application of the study to the control of diseases and other health problems† (CDC, 2014). Determinates of health are â€Å"the circumstances in which people are born, live, work and age as well as the systems put in place to deal with illness†. The communicable disease chain is a model beneficial to integrating the many concepts of communicable diseases (Maurer amp; SmithRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1529 Words   |  7 PagesKnown as a Communicable Disease A communicable disease is known an illness that results from an infectious agent that occurs through transmission either indirectly or directly, from an infected individual. The human immunodeficiency virus is considered a communicable disease, and will be explored further in relation to the concepts of epidemiology and the role of the community health nurse. Epidemiology essentially responds to the questions of who, when, what, why, where and how of a disease and investigatesRead MoreThe Importance of Health Surveillance642 Words   |  3 Pageslargely collaborative effort. The Australian Department of Health and Ageing, state and territory health authorities, Communicable Disease Network Australia (CDNA), the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), the Ministerial Advisory Committee on Blood Borne Viruses and Sexually Transmissible Infections, National HIV research Centres, The National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research (NCHECR), and the Kirby Inst itute for Infection and Immunity in Society (the Kirby Institute)Read MoreCommunicable Diseases : Communicable Disease1318 Words   |  6 Pages Communicable diseases are diseases that can be transferred from one person(reservoir) to another(susceptible host). This can be through direct or indirect contact. For the infection of an individual to take place it follows a partway known as communicable disease chain which involves: Infectious agent e.g Microbes and virus Reservoir e.g humans and animals Portal of exit e.g respiratory and integumentary Mode of transmission e.g direct and indirect Portal of entry e.g respiratory

Neoclassical Versus Radical Schools of Thought

Question: Write an essay comparing the key arguments made by neoclassical and radical economists, respectively. The essay should point out similarities and differences between these two approaches to economic analysis. Answer: The history of economics is ancient an by its very nature economics is ever changing. Now more than ever with globalisation there is need for economic theory to accommodate change and challenge (Wolff, Richard D and Stephen A Resnick) Neoclassical Economics: The neoclassical school of economics is the modern adaptation of the classical school. It is based on three central assumptions. They are that individuals have rational expectations, they maximise their utility while firms maximize profit and people work on the basis of complete information. These form the basis of the most prevalent microeconomic theories in present day and they further recognize that macroeconomics require a microeconomic foundation. The idea that the demand for each factor of production actually depends on the marginal productivity of that factor is called the neoclassical theory of distribution and is accepted by most economists today (Mankiw, N. Gregory). Their general worldview is that individuals make rational decisions and firms are always into maximising the profits and the only thing which can shock the system are real effects, like the change in the price of a factor of production that could not be anticipated by an individual and thus does not form a part of her rational expectations. This school of economics came into prominence in the 1970s when the prevalent Keynesian theories failed to explain the Philips Curve. They generally take a laissez faire approach to policy (Roche, Cullen). They are also usually politically conservative, even though they might not affiliate with any party. Radical Economics: Radical economics is used to denote the theories and ideas of the political economist who take a left wing perspective in their economic discussions (Gonick, Cy). What they properly entail shifts from generation to generation as new problems arise in the economy which are to be combated. It is Marxism in different form and in different generations and is above all a critique of the capitalist order in a socialist approach. It is almost a rebuke to the orthodoxy of the neoclassical economists but this field continues to develop and grow perhaps by contrasting with the orthodox branch of economics and borrowing from its intellectual ideas and by responding and criticising its policies and interpretations. It is not rigidly defined as to what constitutes radical economics and is thus also a part of economics that takes into account the political and social side of economics (Samuels, Warren G et al.). But vaguely it can be thought to be referring to Marxism and most radical economists a lso be thought of belonging to the same political ideology and thus having similar political support. They are typically supportive of socialism in some firm and condemn capitalism and its effects on the society at large including in academics, households etc. These economists prefer social and economic advancement by removing structures that perpetuate exclusion and oppression. Similarities and Differences: Both of the two schools use for their need the conservation of the value of exchange. For the radical economists value is made by labour productivity, and for the neoclassical economists the value in production or the price was the marginal productivity of factor inputs. For neoclassical economists thought to be in a Walrasian economy there is endowments given according tto which wealth is distributed in the economy. Radicals on the other hand use the very famous labour theory of value to determine wages and productivity and income distribution. Their type of income distribution is one where the markup over input costs specially wages helps determine labour and capital distribution. This is again something they have in common with neoclassical economists who bring the profit share analysis of distribution most notably to arrive at an aggregate demand curve (AD curve). According to Marx how the aggregate demand is distributed in the economy is largely guided by how the surplus in the economy is distributed between the workers and the capitalists. The neoclassical economists generally are not fond of using the AD curve in their analysis. As according to them supply and demand always equilibrates so as to clear the market at full employment such a school of thought hardly has any use of the aggregate demand curve. For a Marxian analysis a crisis in a capitalistic society might be brought about by problems in the aggregate demand of the economy mainly due to the difference in the micro approaches of the worker and the capitalist class to income that they are being able to generate. At a macro level such needs would cause a violation of the Says Law i.e. supply creates its own demand which is taken to be true by the classical economists (Blanchard, Olivier and David R Johnson). According to the radical economists over-accumulation of capital and the continuously growing use of labour leads the economy to such a state where the profit is falling as compared to before and there is a very large labour force all of which might not be employed in that sector thus leading to unemployment (Dornbusch, Rudiger et al.). Thus for them, excess labour is due to capital accumulation and technological progress. On the other hand, neoclassical economists relate labour supply to factor rigidities i.e. prices are hardly able to adjust in the short term thus leading to faulty signalling and thus creating unemployment. Neoclassical economists think it is the savings rate which determines the amount of investment in an economy and therefore the growth in the economy. According to Marx, growth was a product of the amount of reinvestment of surplus back into the economy with a account of the exploitation. Radical economists view capitalism as unsustainable. They would want to do away with labour and property rights so as to have a fair distribution of surplus among all the participants of society. However, property rights form the basis on the neoclassical school and are crucial in making sure that the markets run efficiently and that resources are optimally allocated (Pindyck, Robert S and Daniel L Rubinfeld). Finally both these schools share the thought of a normal rate of profit in the economy which the market tends towards. Thus we can say that even though these two schools share some similar topics broadly, in their truest sense they are mostly vary from one another. Reference List: Blanchard, Olivier and David R Johnson.Macroeconomics. 6th ed., Pearson, 2013,. Dornbusch, Rudiger et al.Macroeconomics. 12th ed., Mcgraw-Hill, 2014,. Gonick, Cy. "Radical Economics".The Canadian Encyclopedia, 2017, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/radical-economics/. Mankiw, N. Gregory.Macroeconomics. 6th ed., New York, Worth Publishers, 2008,. Pindyck, Robert S and Daniel L Rubinfeld. Microeconomics. Upper Saddle River, N.J., Pearson, 2013,. Roche, Cullen. "A Cheat Sheet For Understanding The Different Schools Of Economics | Pragmatic Capitalism".Pragcap.Com, 2017, https://www.pragcap.com/a-cheat-sheet-for-understanding-the-different-schools-of-economics/. Samuels, Warren G et al.Radical Economics. 1st ed., Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands, 2012,. Wolff, Richard D and Stephen A Resnick.Contending Economic Theories. 1st ed., Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press, 2012,.